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Wastewater Management Plan
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Objectives
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Water pollution is one of the most serious environmental problems in the
Anzali Wetland, and control of wastewater has high priority in the basin-level
management of the wetland. The objective of the wastewater management is
"to improve and maintain the water quality of the Anzali Wetland at
a level suitable for its ecosystem, by implementing affordable and effective
wastewater management". |
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Management of Domestic Wastewater in Urban Areas
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Guilan Water and Wastewater Company (GWWC) has a general long-term goal
to develop in all urban areas sewerage systems that meet DOE discharge
standards. While development of sewerage systems in all cities is desirable,
this is a major endeavor, and requires considerable investment. In the
present study, the following priorities were set based on (i) service population,
(ii) reduction of pollution load on the wetland, and maturity of existing
plans:
- On-going projects, i.e., Rasht, Anzali and Somehsara sewerage development projects, will be completed first. Theses projects will contribute to a great reduction of the total pollution loads of COD, T-N and T-P on Anzali Wetland.
- The second priority is sewerage development for Masal because Masal is
located upstream of Siahkeshim Protected Area. Fuman sewerage development
plan and the Somehsara project are also valuable for conservation of the
Sorkhankohl area.
- The third priority is the development of sewerage for Shaft and Khomam.
- After these areas, development of sewerage systems for Sangar and Toolam will be implemented.
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Management of Domestic Wastewater in Rural Areas
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Rural Water and Wastewater Company Guilan (RWWC) has a target to provide
septic tank-based community wastewater treatment for 40% of villages in
Guilan by 2020. Based on this plan, RWWC has prepared detailed designs
for rural wastewater treatment system for sixteen villages, which include
seven villages in the Anzali Wetland basin. RWWC has not decided on the
schedule for implementation of these projects, and tentative schedules
for Atashgah, Kheshtnasjed, Gasht, Lolemon and other villages were proposed
in our master plan.
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Installation of Septic Tanks for Individual Treatment of Wastewater
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As the wastewater treatment service is not expected to cover all the urban
area, a regulation requiring the installation of septic tanks may be valuable
outside the wastewater treatment service area. Similarly, residents of
rural areas who are not connected to the community wastewater treatment
system by RWWC should install septic tanks.
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Promotion of Use of Detergent with Low Phosphorous Content
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Most of the phosphate pollution load is from domestic wastewater. Phosphate in detergent seems to be one of the major sources. The treatment plants in Rasht and Anzali cities have chemical sedimentation systems to reduce phosphorous, but with high daily operation costs. Research and development of "phosphorous free detergent" is therefore recommended for the reduction of phosphorous in effluents. |
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Management of Industrial Effluent
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Even if the industrial effluent amount is negligible, industrial activity
is the main point source of heavy metals and other toxic materials. The
strict control of industrial wastewater is therefore still required. The
following actions are proposed:
- Promotion of centralization of factories in industrial cities for easy management and control of industrial effluents
- Centralized wastewater treatment plants in the industrial cities
- Strengthening of monitoring activities by DOE
There are five existing and one planned industrial cities (Rasht, Anzali, Somehsara, Shaft, Fuman and Masal) in the study area. For future industrial development, the factories which will use heavy metals and other toxic materials should be located in these industrial cities. |
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Management of Livestock and Farming Land
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Pollution from the agricultural sector is quite different from other industrial sectors, in the sense that it is a non-point or "diffuse" pollution source, and many individual farmers and graziers are involved in the activities. Considering these characteristics of the agricultural sector, the best approach to control agricultural wastewater is by the promotion of sustainable agriculture practices through extensions service and other means.
- Strengthening of MOJA Extension System
- Integrated Pest Management and Farmer Fields Schools
- Treatment of Wastewater from Industrial Animal Husbandry
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Institutional and Organizational Arrangement
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For the smooth implementation of the proposed wastewater management plan, the following institutional and organizational arrangements are proposed.
- Strengthening of environmental monitoring capacities of DOE, GWWC, RWWC, industries, MOJA and NRGO
- Promotion of environmentally-sustainable agriculture by extension service program and introduction of environmental incentives
- Revision and establishment of water quality standards such as effluent quality and ambient water quality
- Strengthening of regulations about toxic substance control
- Establishment of an operation and maintenance unit for RWWC sewerage systems
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